Lumbar spinal anesthesia with cervical nociceptive blockade. Critical review of a series of 1, 330 procedures / Raquianestesia lombar com bloqueio nociceptivo cervical. Revisão crítica de uma serie de 1. 330 procedimentos

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The manufacture of minimally traumatic needles and synthesis of pharmacological adjuncts with safe and effective action on inhibitory and neuromodulatory synapses distributed along the nociceptive pathways were crucial for a new expansion phase of spinal anesthesia. The objectives of this paper are present our clinical experience with 1330 lumbar spinal anesthesia performed with purposeful nociceptive blockade of the thoracic and cervical spinal nerves corresponding to dermatomes C4 or C3; warn about the method pathophysiological risks, and emphasize preventive standards for the safe application of the technique. CONTENT: Review of the historical background and anatomical spinal anesthesia with cervical levels of analgesia. Description of the technique used in our institution; population anesthetized; and surgery performed with the described method. Critical exposition of the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical effects occurred and registered during anesthesia-surgery and postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Spinal anesthesia with nociceptive blockade to dermatome C4, or C3, is an effective option for surgery on somatic structures distal to the metamer of the third cervical spinal nerve, lasting no more than four or five hours. The method safety depends on the unrestricted respect for the essential rules of proper anesthesia.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A fabricação de agulhas minimamente traumáticas e a síntese de coadjuvantes farmacológicos com ação efetiva e segura nas sinapses inibitórias e neuromoduladoras distribuídas ao longo das vias nociceptivas foram determinantes para uma nova fase de expansão da anestesia subaracnoidea. Os objetivos deste artigo são: apresentar a experiência clínica dos autores com a realização de 1.330 Raquianestesias lombares com bloqueio nociceptivo proposital dos nervos espinhais torácicos e cervicais até os dermátomos correspondentes a C4 ou C3; alertar sobre os riscos fisiopatológicos do método e enfatizar as normas preventivas para a realização da técnica com segurança. CONTEÚDO: Revisão dos fundamentos históricos e anatomofuncionais da anestesia subaracnoidea com níveis cervicais de analgesia. Descrição da técnica utilizada em nossa instituição; da população anestesiada e das cirurgias realizadas com o método descrito. Exposição crítica dos efeitos fisiológicos, clínicos e fisiopatológicos ocorridos e registrados durante o ato anestésico-cirúrgico e no período pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: A Raquianestesia com bloqueio nociceptivo até o dermátomo de C4, ou de C3 é uma opção efetiva para cirurgias sobre estruturas somáticas distais ao metâmero do terceiro nervo espinhal cervical com duração não superior a 4 ou 5 horas. A segurança do método depende do respeito irrestrito às regras essenciais da correta prática anestésica.

Lumbar spinal anesthesia with cervical nociceptive blockade. Critical review of a series of 1,330 procedures.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The manufacture of minimally traumatic needles and synthesis of pharmacological adjuncts with safe and effective action on inhibitory and neuromodulatory synapses distributed along the nociceptive pathways were crucial for a new expansion phase of spinal anesthesia. The objectives of this paper are present our clinical experience with 1330 lumbar spinal anesthesia performed with purposeful nociceptive blockade of the thoracic and cervical spinal nerves corresponding to dermatomes C4 or C3; warn about the method pathophysiological risks, and emphasize preventive standards for the safe application of the technique. CONTENT: Review of the historical background and anatomical spinal anesthesia with cervical levels of analgesia. Description of the technique used in our institution; population anesthetized; and surgery performed with the described method. Critical exposition of the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical effects occurred and registered during anesthesia-surgery and postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Spinal anesthesia with nociceptive blockade to dermatome C4, or C3, is an effective option for surgery on somatic structures distal to the metamer of the third cervical spinal nerve, lasting no more than four or five hours. The method safety depends on the unrestricted respect for the essential rules of proper anesthesia.

[Lumbar spinal anesthesia with cervical nociceptive blockade. Critical review of a series of 1,330 procedures]. / Raquianestesia lombar com bloqueio nociceptivo cervical. Revisão crítica de uma serie de 1.330 procedimentos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The manufacture of minimally traumatic needles and synthesis of pharmacological adjuncts with safe and effective action on inhibitory and neuromodulatory synapses distributed along the nociceptive pathways were crucial for a new expansion phase of spinal anesthesia. The objectives of this paper are present our clinical experience with 1,330 lumbar spinal anesthesia performed with purposeful nociceptive blockade of the thoracic and cervical spinal nerves corresponding to dermatomes C4 or C3; warn about the method pathophysiological risks, and emphasize preventive standards for the safe application of the technique. CONTENT: Review of the historical background and anatomical spinal anesthesia with cervical levels of analgesia. Description of the technique used in our institution; population anesthetized; and surgery performed with the described method. Critical exposition of the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical effects occurred and registered during anesthesia-surgery and postoperative period. CONCLUSION: Spinal anesthesia with nociceptive blockade to dermatome C4, or C3, is an effective option for surgery on somatic structures distal to the metamer of the third cervical spinal nerve, lasting no more than four or five hours. The method safety depends on the unrestricted respect for the essential rules of proper anesthesia.

Estudo comparativo entre bupivacaína (S75-R25) e ropivacaína em bloqueio peridural para analgesia de parto / A comparative study between bupivacaine (S75-R25) and ropivacaine in spinal anesthesia for labor analgesia / Estudio comparativo entre la bupivacaína (S75-R25) y la ropivacaína en bloqueo epidural para analgesia de parto

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A anestesia peridural é utilizada para alívio da dor no trabalho de parto e está associada a baixos índices de complicações. Estudos com enantiômeros levógiros dos anestésicos locais demonstraram maior segurança em função da menor cardiotoxicidade. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a latência e a duração da analgesia e as repercussões maternas e fetais com o emprego da bupivacaína (S75-R25) e da ropivacaína quando utilizadas para analgesia de parto por bloqueio peridural. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um ensaio clínico prospectivo, duplamente encoberto e aleatório, de 49 pacientes gestantes de termo, apresentando baixo risco, com indicação de parto vaginal, idade entre 15 e 35 anos, ASA I ou II distribuídas em dois grupos: GI - bupivacaína (S75-R25) 0,25 por cento; GII - ropivacaína a 0,20 por cento. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos 30 minutos após a instalação da peridural, sendo os escores de dor maiores no grupo que utilizou a ropivacaína. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas quanto a latência de analgesia, nível sensorial do bloqueio, volume de anestésico local, dose de resgate, duração do trabalho de parto e da analgesia, frequência de parto instrumental, alterações hemodinâmicas, escores de Apgar ou pH do cordão umbilical e incidência de eventos adversos. CONCLUSÕES: O uso de bupivacaína (S75-R25) e ropivacaína para a analgesia de parto proporcionou boas condições para a realização da anestesia peridural com pequenas ocorrências de eventos adversos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Spinal anesthesia is used for relief of pain during labor and it is associated with low indices of complications. Studies with levorotatory enantiomers of local anesthetics demonstrate higher safety due to the lower cardiotoxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the latency and duration of analgesia and maternal and fetal repercussions with bupivacaine (S75-R25) and ropivacaine in spinal anesthesia for labor analgesia. METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical assay was undertaken with 49 labouring parturients with low risk, with indication of vaginal delivery, ages 15 to 35 years, ASA I or II, divided into two groups: GI - 0.25 percent bupivacaine (S75-R25); GII - 0.20 percent ropivacaine. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups 30 minutes after the spinal anesthesia, and pain scores were higher in the ropivacaine group. Statistically significant differences were not observed regarding the latency of analgesia, sensorial level of the blockade, volume of local anesthetic, rescue dose, duration of labor and analgesia, frequency of instrument-assisted labor, hemodynamic changes, Apgar scores or umbilical cord blood pH, and incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The use of bupivacaine (S75-R25) and ropivacaine in labor analgesia provided good conditions for spinal anesthesia with small indices of adverse events.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La anestesia epidural se usa para el alivio del dolor en el parto y está asociada a bajos índices de complicaciones. Estudios con enantiómeros levógiros de los anestésicos locales, han demostrado una seguridad más elevada en función de una menor cardiotoxicidad. Este estudio quiso evaluar la latencia y la duración de la analgesia y las repercusiones maternas y fetales con el uso de la bupivacaína (S75-R25) y de la ropivacaína cuando se usan para la analgesia de parto por bloqueo epidural. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un ensayo clínico prospectivo, encubierto y randomizado, con 49 pacientes gestantes a término, que presentaban bajo riesgo, con indicación de parto vaginal, y una edad entre los 15 y los 35 años, ASA I o II distribuidas en dos grupos: GI - bupivacaína (S75-R25) 0,25 por ciento; GII - ropivacaína a 0,20 por ciento. RESULTADOS: Quedó evidenciada la diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los dos grupos, 30 minutos después de la administración de la epidural, siendo que las puntuaciones de dolor fueron más elevadas en el grupo que utilizó la ropivacaína. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en cuanto a la latencia de la analgesia, nivel sensorial del bloqueo, volumen del anestésico local, dosis de rescate, duración del parto y de la analgesia, frecuencia de parto instrumental, alteraciones hemodinámicas, puntuaciones de Apgar o pH del cordón umbilical e incidencia de eventos adversos. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de la bupivacaína (S75-R25) y la ropivacaína para la analgesia de parto, proporcionó buenas condiciones para la realización de la anestesia epidural con pequeñas incidencias de eventos adversos.

A comparative study between bupivacaine (S75-R25) and ropivacaine in spinal anesthesia for labor analgesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Spinal anesthesia is used for relief of pain during labor and it is associated with low indices of complications. Studies with levorotatory enantiomers of local anesthetics demonstrate higher safety due to the lower cardiotoxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the latency and duration of analgesia and maternal and fetal repercussions with bupivacaine (S75-R25) and ropivacaine in spinal anesthesia for labor analgesia. METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical assay was undertaken with 49 labouring parturients with low risk, with indication of vaginal delivery, ages 15 to 35 years, ASA I or II, divided into two groups: GI - 0.25% bupivacaine (S75-R25); GII - 0.20% ropivacaine. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups 30 minutes after the spinal anesthesia, and pain scores were higher in the ropivacaine group. Statistically significant differences were not observed regarding the latency of analgesia, sensorial level of the blockade, volume of local anesthetic, rescue dose, duration of labor and analgesia, frequency of instrument-assisted labor, hemodynamic changes, Apgar scores or umbilical cord blood pH, and incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The use of bupivacaine (S75-R25) and ropivacaine in labor analgesia provided good conditions for spinal anesthesia with small indices of adverse events.